Neon is a nonmetal, noble gas with an atomic number of 10. Its atom has a complete octet of electrons. It does not react with any other element and is considered an inert gas. It forms a few molecular ions and excimers, in which one atom of neon shares its full octet with another atom of the same element (NeH+ or NeNH+).
Neon appears as an odorless colorless liquid or vapor. It is very cold and can asphyxiate if it displaces oxygen. It is also nonflammable, noncombustible and chemically inert. Exposure to very cold liquefied neon may result in frostbite.
When heated in an electric discharge, neon gas glows reddish orange and is used in signage and indicator lamps. It is the second lightest of the noble gases. Neon was discovered by William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 and named from the Greek word neos meaning “new.”
It is found in the atmosphere of Earth at about 0.00182% of its volume, ranking fifth in cosmic abundance after hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon. It is produced by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars.
Its high volatility and inability to form compounds that would anchor it to solids explain its limited presence on Earth and the inner planets. However, it is abundant in the Sun due to its being a byproduct of alpha-capture fusion. Neon ion radiotherapy possesses biologic and physical advantages over megavoltage X-rays, including less dose variation, reduced cell-cycle related radiosensitivity, and more efficient delivery of radiation to tumors.
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