Neon is a chemical element with the symbol Ne and atomic number 10. Like other noble gases — helium, argon, krypton, and xenon — neon doesn’t form compounds readily. This is because the outer shell of its atoms has filled up, so there’s no incentive for them to swap electrons with other elements, which could allow them to form a compound.
Neon occurs naturally in the atmosphere, but it is found in only very small quantities. It is a colorless, odorless gas under normal conditions, and it has two-thirds the density of air. Neon is nontoxic and has no ecological impact.
Most people are familiar with neon from the eponymous illuminated signs that hang above some of their favorite restaurants and bars. These signs glow when a current of electricity is run through them, and the bright orange/red light gives them their distinctive look. The element is also used in other types of lighting, such as neon tubes for high-voltage warning indicators and Geiger counters. It can also be used in lasers, although neon is not the only choice for these applications; other noble gases are often employed as well.
Pure neon is fairly expensive, because it has to be extracted from the air through a process called fractional distillation, which involves processing samples of liquefied air in order to force their components to separate. The element is nontoxic, but inhalation at elevated concentrations can cause asphyxiation. The symptoms begin with rapid respirations and a feeling of air hunger, and progress to confusion and a lack of coordination. In extreme cases, a lack of oxygen can lead to coma or death.
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